miR-221 stimulates breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) through selective interference with the A20/c-Rel/CTGF signaling Background: MicroRNA (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target mRNAs. Among several dysregulated miRNAs in human cancer, the up-regulation of miR-221 has been associated with …

GPER is involved in the regulation of the estrogen-metabolizing CYP1B1 enzyme in breast cancer INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. A prolonged exposure to estrogens has been considered an important factor driving the initiation and progression of …

IGF-1 Receptor Modulates FoxO1-Mediated Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer Cells Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world (1). Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is a commonly prescribed drug for estrogenreceptor (ER)a-positive patients with breast cancer; however, the therapeutic benefits of …